Unit+3

__﻿The Expansion of Cotton Slavery in Plantations (mid-19th century)__

 * ^ the size of a 1000 acre slave plantation in Alabama took about as much space as more than half of Malden today, which makes sense since so much cotton was being able to be produced back then**
 * bales of cotton = 500,000 in 1850 ; bales of cotton = 3,000,000 in 1850 ; bales of cotton = 5,000,000 in 1860 --> cotton production grew more and more each year due to the fact that northern America (along with Britain) was experiencing an industrial revolution that needed cotton for its textile industries, producing a lot of money for the south - about $200 million a year (compared to the $2 million a year made with rice crops) - and making more southerners produce cotton since it gave them more success
 * ^ between 1840 and 1860 about 410,000 slaves moved from upper south to lower south --> people living in the upper south realized how much cotton was succeeding in the lower south, so they sold slaves to the lower south in order to gain money from them since they needed more and more slaves to make more cotton**
 * value of southern textile manufacturers ($4.5 million) was only about 2% of the value gained with cotton --> since northerners were undergoing an industrial revolution, many southerners sold their cotton to them since there were so many northern textile industries in need of cotton
 * Louisiana plantations in 1858 tended to be next to the MI River since water route transportation was quicker thanks to the new advances in transportation in the north

=11/9/10 Southern Social Structure:= =media type="custom" key="7472039"=

11/10/10 =﻿Chapter 12 Preview:=
 * REFORM ERA - people tried to reshape America
 * **antebellum = pre-war (generally the 30-40 years before Civil War from around 1820 to 1860)**
 * nationalism & romanticism in American paintings --> Hudson River School
 * romanticism in the south was unique from the north ; Charleston was the new southern literacy capital (esp. because of Mark Twain)
 * transcendentalists : ex. Ralph Waldo Emmerson + Henry David Thoreau from MA
 * utopian movement
 * Oneida Community "Perfectionists" had new, different gender roles
 * Mormons established their own society in America (Salt Lake City)
 * temperance movement - lessening the amount of alcohol (mostly led by women) - led to cultural divisions
 * phrenology - new "science"
 * contagion discovered - what is contagion?
 * education was reformed, especially public education
 * rehabilitation : asylum movement & prison reform
 * feminism
 * abolition movement

**Temperance Movement:**
1) profits for alcohol marketers 2) emotional relief 3) "good for health" according to them back then 4) enjoyment in parties 5) used as traditional toast for formal occasions 1) addiction 2) causes family problems 3) violence/domestic abuse 4) memory loss 5) miscarriages/ birth defects 6) crimes 7) rapes 8) debt 9) suicides 10) health problems (ex. liver failure) 11) social downfalls
 * temperance = reducing things ; restraining ; avoiding excess ; __moderation__
 * temperance is NOT prohibition
 * temperance movement was about convincing people to not drink alcohol to an excess
 * PROS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION**:
 * CONS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION**:
 * **PICTURE ANALYSIS:**


 * P.344 MAP: EXPANDING SETTLEMENT, 1810-1850**
 * from 1830-1850 American settlement expanded a lot due to immigration
 * the lands west of the Mississippi River weren't as settled
 * FL still wasn't fully settled since it was all full of swamps and the south was more agricultural
 * as each period of time passed, Americans moved more and more west
 * P.349 MAP: WESTERN TRAILS IN 1860**
 * there were several paths in the trails that led to California, especially after the gold rush when many people came in hopes of getting rich quickly
 * the Mormon trail went all the way west in California onto Los Angleles, which is now a large city there --> there should be a lot of Mormons living there today
 * a lot of majoy cities nowadays were created back then on those trails
 * P.351 MAP: THE OREGON BOUNDARY, 1846**
 * forts were made around the disputed area in order to help protect it for the US
 * the disputed area was surrounded by rivers, so it would make sense that Britain wanted it since the rivers would enclose the rest of their area, and since it would give them more access to river trading along the area around the trails
 * Britain made Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island right next to the disputed territory in order to help fight for it
 * the treaty line was exactly in the middle of the limit of their claims
 * the fifty-four fourty line was the northern limit of American claim
 * P.353 MAP: THE MEXICAN WAR, 1846-1848**
 * the disputed area ended up becoming the south-western boundary of Texas for the US
 * the battles were mainly fought in Mexico which was a huge disadvantage since it destroyed their territory in the end even though they should have had the home advantage
 * when the US was attacking Mexico, they started off at the top and gradually moved their was down all the way to Mexico City, where the last battle was fought
 * P.354 MAP: SOUTHWESTERN EXPANSION, 1845-1853**
 * P.358 MAP: SLAVE AND FREE TERRITORIES UNDER THE COMPROMISE OF 1850**
 * there was still slavery above the original Missouri Compromise Line, which probably caused conflict
 * the New Mexico and Utah territories were left with popular sovereignty (which is later a bigger problem in the Kansas-Nebraska Act b/c of voting fraud and violence)
 * most of the US was frree at this point
 * there was a clear cut line of separation between the northern free states and the southern slave states ; they were basically living in different worlds
 * most of the western territories were free
 * California, the most western territory, became a state due to the gold rush that made many go there and the fact that it is right by the ocean (unlike all of the other western territories)
 * the place marked as "Unorganized Territory" is still pretty unorganized today

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 * 12/3/10**
 * How were geography and geopgraphic locations extremely important during the Civil War?**
 * key place = New Orleans, which was a major southern commerce center + sea port -- important Union victory
 * MI River = very important transportation route -- many battles fought along its coast
 * blockade deprived south of supplies -- huge disadvantage
 * fought mostly in the south : homeland advantage for South, and disadvantage for North -- South was ruined though
 * North came in through the bottom of the MI River in LA and fought their way up
 * VA (where most of the eastern fighting was done) had several railroads that were used as transportation
 * most battles fought in the middle of the south (along the MI River) since it was the only good way for the south to get water transportation
 * some battles were fought on or near forts since the forts provided supplies
 * capture of Altanta, GA was important since it was the center of the Confederacy


 * 12/6/10**
 * Perspectives of the Civil War and Reconstruction:**
 * Lincoln: success b/c country was once again united and the spread of slavery stopped; but it shouldn't have happened in the first place - "domestic dispute" --> wanted to get things done for Reconstruction in order to get the Union back to normal as soon as possible (just to get over it)
 * Davis: failure because Confederates lost & he was a bad president during the time
 * Radicals: war = success b/c slavery was eliminated ; Reconstruction = success since they basically took over it (felt Lincoln & Johnson were too soft on the south --> hostile towards south) & they gave rights to blacks
 * freed slaves: general success because they were freed, but often discriminated in the south where the whites were still economically and socially supreme
 * northern Democrats: success as a country, but failure as a party b/c their party was basically insignificant compared to the Republicans who took control of most of Congress
 * southern Democrats: failure in both parts - lost the war and their pride ; some even turned to Republicanism & became "scalawags"
 * southern planter class: epic fail - lands RUINED & pride destroyed - lost property too
 * Grant: success -> military victory ; great advances in military techniques/technology
 * Lee: failure -> military FAIL ; never had enough supplies, men, transportation (b/c of blockade), etc.
 * Johnson: war = failure & negative for Reconstruction ; didnt like giving rights to blacks - kept on trying to veto Republican acts (probably just called himself a Republican in order to win presidency)
 * Moderates and Conservatives: success because they were mainly looking to reunite the country & slavery was over
 * northern blacks: war = success b/c they viewed it as a war to end slavery ; and Reconstruction gave them rights (especially in the 14th and 15th Amendments)
 * other southerners: failure b/c of southern honor ; but success in Reconstruction b/c they got more lands due to land distribution
 * northerners: success b/c Union won ; Reconstruction = varied ideas - some wanted to punish southerners

12/6/10
 * Lincoln Video:**
 * gave himself crash course on military strategy in library -- good at it within a year
 * Emancipation Proclamation in MO made by Freemont was nullified
 * commuter for 1/4 of presidency
 * worked all day every day
 * after Battle of Shiloh, Lincoln intended to preserve Union and abolish slavery in the war
 * didn't have power to end slavery as president ; but since he was putting down a rebellion, he was able to do whatever he could as commander in chief -- took special powers to do something about slavery since it was helping the "rebel" South
 * Emancipation Proclamation = more symbolic ; didn't free that many slaves in US
 * Civil War = 1st photographed war
 * made battlefield @ Gettysburg a national memorial & made Gettysburg Address
 * didn't go to college
 * ran for re-election during the war against McClellen (who offered a negotiation with the south if he won) -- only election in history where not all original states participated
 * 2 months before election Union army began winning more (like w/ the capture of Altanta), giving popularity to Lincoln
 * called upon nation to heal itself during last speech -- wanted blacks to be able to vote
 * during presidency, he came to see that EVERYONE (even blacks) had right to achieve the " American dream"
 * Andrew Johnson**
 * 1st president to come in as "pretender to thrown" after Lincoln's murder since he wasn't elected as president
 * Unionist southern w/ slaves + Democrat ; became VP to get the whole country to follow him ; unlike Lincoln, he was stubborn and didn't care about other people ; most racist president -- ironic since the Civil War just ended
 * came up with own Reconstruction plan while congressmen were away up until December : wanted quick acception of the Confederate states back into Union, & didn't want to give slaves any new rights
 * thought he was done with Reconstruction as Congress was away, but Radicals thought that his plan was wrong
 * everything Congress passed, he vetoed (ended up with 29 vetoes, which is the most) -- overrided 15 times
 * violated Tenure of Office Act & was voted to be impeached
 * executive office influenced by Johnson+Congress battle
 * Uysses S. Grant**
 * most popular man in the north -- won with 12% of total vote coming from blacks
 * smoking habit & adrenalline junkie
 * campaign slogan = "let us have peace"
 * black voters elected many Republicans in southern states
 * terrorist groups wanted to undermine the government stance
 * launched war on terror -- sent federal troops to crush the KKK
 * so much corruption happened when Grant didn't know what was going on
 * southern violence increased during second term
 * Reconstruction was coming to an end