Legislation


 * Bill of Rights:
 * 1st Amendment - freedom of religion, speech, + press
 * 2nd Amendment - right to bear arms
 * 3rd Amendment - restricted quartering of soldiers
 * 5th Amendment - due process of law + freedom of self-incrimination
 * 6th Amendment - right to a speedy trial
 * 9th Amendment - people have other rights not mentioned in Constitution
 * 10th Amendment - states get powers that arent specified in the Constitution
 * 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts - limited citizenship of immigrants & allowed gov. to prosecute those against the gov. --> discouraged immigration & inspired VA+KY Resolutions for nullification
 * 1801 Judiciary Act - increased # of federal judgeships rather than Supreme Court justiceships
 * 1807 Embargo - US ships couldn't leave foreign port --> gave depression
 * 1807 "Force Act" - gave power to enforce Embargo
 * 1808 Non-Intercourse Act - US couldn't trade w/ Britain nor France (during their war)
 * 1810 Macon's Bill No.2 - opened trade w/ Britain + France, but pres. could stop trade for violation of neutral shipping
 * 1820 Missouri Compromise - MO= new slave state ; ME= new free state ; all territories above 3630' line = free --> temporary fix for "balance" in representation between free and slave states
 * 1836 Distribution Act - fed. gov. would pay surplus funds to states to fund highways, railroads, canals, etc.
 * Compromise of 1850 - CA = free state ; new territories would not have any slavery restrictions ; abolition of slave trade in DC ; harsher fugitive slave act (that was much opposed by the Free-Soil Party) ; Utah + NM territories had popular sovereignty
 * 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act - NB+KS had popular sovereignty, & the MO Comp. was repealed --> caused major conflict (esp in "Bleeding Kansas") and formed the Republican Party
 * 1863-1864 National Bank Acts - new organized bank system w/ national bank note system
 * 1861-1862 Confiscation Acts - freed all slaves used to help Confederate army
 * 1864 Wade-Davis Bill - majority of white males in Confederate states had to promise loyalty, abolish slavery, disfranchise Confed. leaders, + repudiate debts to become part of Union again --> pocket vetoed by Lincoln, which angered Radicals
 * 1865 Thirteenth Amendment - abolishd slavery
 * 1865-1866 Black Codes - southern whites regained control of former slaves
 * 1866 Civil Rights Act - blacks could become citizens w/ protected rights (although president Johnson tried to veto)
 * 1866 Fourteenth Amendment - protected black rights as citizens w/ penalties to states that denied black male suffrage
 * 1869 Fifteenth Amendment - ensured black male suffrage
 * 1867 Tenure of Office Act - protected members of Johnson administration from being fired -- used to impeach Johnson after he violated it, but Johnson still had enough votes in Senate to not be convicted
 * 1870-1871 Enforcement (KKK) Acts -no voter discrimination, fed. gov. could protect blacks against discriminating state laws, & pres. could suspend habius corpus -> weakened the KKK
 * 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act - banned Chinese immigration + Chinese couldn't become citizens all b/c of American racism against Chinese (starting back during the transcontinental railroad that consisted of mostly Chinese workers) -> renewed every 10 yrs up until it ended in 1943
 * 1862 Homestead Act - encouraging settlement, the gov. gave 160 acres of land for small fees to those who stayed for 5 yrs + improved it
 * 1887 Dawes Act - took away any tribal lands for white settlement + promoted assimilation by making kids go to boarding schools and encouraging Christianity
 * 1883 Pendleton Act - some fed. jobs required competitive written examinations -> 1st national civil service measure
 * 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act - antitrust legislation -> no impact at 1st b/c it was weakened by the SC
 * 1890 McKinley Tariff - high protective measure that brought down the popularity of the Rep.s
 * 1887 Interstate Commerce Act - banned discrimination in railroads, required railroads to publish rate schedules, & required rates to be "reasonable + just" -> no impact at 1st
 * 1900 Currency (Gold Standard) Act - legalized US commitment to gold standard -> victory for conservatives
 * 1901 Platt Amendment - gave US control over Cuba w/ the full right to intervene + put naval bases there
 * 1919 Eighteenth Amendment - prohibition
 * 1920 Nineteenth Amendment - gave women the right to vote
 * 1906 Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act - expanded mandate of Interstate Commerce Commission
 * 1906 Meat Inspection Act - fed. inspectors have to examine meant -> influenced by Upton Sinclair's //The Jungle//
 * 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act - fed. regulations to sale of foods/medicine
 * 1913 16th Amendment - fed. income tax
 * 1913 Federal Reserve Act - Fed. Reserve Board oversees new system of 12 Fed. Reserve Banks
 * 1916 Selective Service Act - formed American Expeditionary Force w/ 3+ million men
 * 1917 Espionage Act - punished spies, sabotages, + war obstructions
 * 1918 Sedition Act - any showing of war opposition was illegal
 * 1924-1928 McNary-Haugen Bill - demanded parity, but vetoed by pres. Coolidge
 * 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act - gave $ to establish prenatal + child healthcare programs (repealed by Congress in 1929)
 * 1924 National Origins Act - banned immigration from east Asia, esp. Japanese
 * 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act - Farm Board made loans + made sure that there were surpluses to raise prices -> failure
 * 1930 Hawley-Smoot Tariff - protected 75 farm products but made imports more expensive -> failure
 * 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act - subsidized farmers to lower + regulate production -> shut down by Congress
 * 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act - NRA limited production to raise prices ; PWA gave public works jobs to many -> shut down by Congress
 * 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority - modernized region along TN River Valley by creating dams along the river, giving it cheap electricity and more
 * 1933 21st Amendment - repealed the 18th Amendment
 * 1933 Glass-Steagall Act - gov could curb irresponsible speculation by banks
 * 1934 Indian Reorganization Act - hoped to reverse assimilation pressures, allowing natives to be independent -> influenced by John Collier
 * 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act - lowered tariffs by 50% as long as other nations did the same
 * 1935-1937 Neutrality Acts - made sale of weapons to nations at war illegal & enforced cash-and-carry policy (which eventually led the US to use it to help out Britain + USSR)
 * 1947 National Security Act - reshaped US military + diplomatic relations w/ Dept. of Defense, National Security Council, CIA -> expanded pres. powers
 * 1947 Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act - made union-promoting closed shop illegal & repealing of controversial section 14(b) = goal of labor movement
 * 1950 McCarran Internal Security Act - Congress had communist orgs had to register w/ gov. -> showing impact of red scare
 * 1956 Federal Highway Act - gave $ to build 40000+ mi of interstate highways -> largest public works project in US history
 * 1965 Immigration Act - immigration on equal basis (except from parts of Latin America)
 * 1965 Civil (Voting) Rights Act - protected blacks trying to vote

=__**US Gov. and American Policy: **__=
 * 1) **The Northwest Ordinance (1787) --**  an ordinance which stated that "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken away from them without their consent.” Though this was stated, it was ignored more often than it was followed
 * 2) **The Dawes Act (1887) --** Did not benefit the Indians.
 * 3) **Indian Removal Act (1830) --**  Gold was found by the Cherokee on their land; and upon hearing this, Americans took over Georgia and claimed jurisdiction over the Cherokees. The Cherokees sued claiming that they were independent from Georgia and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of them
 * 4) **Act of March 3 (1871)**
 * 5) **Curtis Act (1898)** -- ended tribal gov.s if the tribes refused allotment
 * 6) **Snyder [Indian Citizenship] Act (1924)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-- natives were granted full US citizenship
 * 7) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Reorganization Act (1934)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Claims Commission (1946)**
 * 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Relocation Program (1952)**
 * 10) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Area Redevelopment Act (1960)**
 * 11) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)**
 * 12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Senate Special Subcommittee on Indian Education (1965)**
 * 13) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Voter Registration Act (1965)**
 * 14) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Great Society Program (1967)**
 * 15) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**“Indian Civil Rights Act” (1968)**
 * 16) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act (1934)**
 * 17) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)**
 * 18) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Education Act (1972)**
 * 19) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Meminee Restoration Act (1973)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-- evoked termination of the Menominee and restored tribal status
 * 20) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Finance Act (1974)**
 * 21) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Termination Policy (1953)**
 * 22) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act (1975)**
 * 23) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Indian Health Care Improvement Act (1976)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -- provided funds for hospital renovation and scholarships to enter Indian Health Service
 * 24) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Educational Amendments Act - Title XI (1978)**
 * 25) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act (1978)**
 * 26) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**1Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)**
 * 27) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1983 Department of Health and Human Services set New eligibility rules for people receiving medical treatment from Indian Health Services
 * 28) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1990 Congress passed Legislation to "encourage and support the use of Native American languages in schools
 * 29) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**1991 Experiment in self-government**